Abstract: The structure design method and thermal protection performance of a multi-layer thermal protection component composed of different functional layers were investigated. A simulation calculation was applied to simulate the thermo-responsive behavior of the component composed of ablator layer and insulation layer materials with different thicknesses. And a quartz lamp heating test was carried out to verify the thermostable performance, insulation ability and reusable property of the optimized component. The results show that, the compact ablator layer material possesses an excellent thermostable performance and the insulation layer material composed of aerogel has an ultra-low thermal conductivity. The multi-layer component, matching the designed thicknesses for the target environment, can go through an 1 600℃ heating test with a low back-side temperature of only 118℃.