Energy Management Strategy for Extended Range Electric Vehicles Based on Pontryagin's Minimum Principle

An online energy management strategy was proposed based on Pontryagin's minimum principle for an extended range electric school bus and its principle to realize SOC sustaining was analyzed. A high-fidelity forward simulation model was built with component experimental data in the Matlab/Simulink environment. The simulation results show that, the proposed strategy is very robust in different driving cycles; and the fuel economy performance can be improved by up to 5.8% compared with the traditional on/off strategy.