Abstract: The high-quality development of industrial machine tool industry is of great significance for building a modern industrial system with advanced manufacturing as the backbone and leading the development of new quality productivity with high-level scientific and technological self-reliance. An industry-chain “node-structure-function” framework was constructed and analysis showed that at the node level, the machine tool industry should achieve enhanced competitiveness of core enterprises and autonomy and controllability in key technological links; at the structural level, it should achieve systematic improvements in the resilience of industrial and supply chains; and at the functional level, it should realize deep integration across the entire science-industry innovation chain to effectively support the development of advanced manufacturing. It is found that China’s machine tool industry has made good progress, but shortcomings remain, including insufficient product competitiveness in key technological links and large disparities between import and export unit prices, import-side external dependence and increased substitutability within the global trade network, weak innovation leadership, insufficient collaboration, and divergence from mainstream technological routes. Furthermore, the current industry faces institutional weaknesses in “medium or long-term” development planning, focus on key capabilities, and talent supply and demand. Targeted measures for the 15th Five-Year Plan period were proposed: take extraordinary actions to advance end-to-end breakthroughs in critical core technologies; improve industry development planning and optimize industrial layout; cultivate high-quality enterprises to enhance industrial and supply chain resilience; and align industry needs to promote coordinated development of education, science, and talent.