Abstract: Moishe Postone’s reinterpretation of Marx’s Category of Labor mainly emphasizes two points: first, labor is not a transhistorical human activity but a social form with historical specificity; second, abstract labor is not conceptual generalization but real abstraction, constituting the core mechanism in the abstract domination of capitalist society. However, by neglecting Marx’s analysis of the labor process at the level of relations of production, Postone severs the organic relationship between the natural and historical determinations of labor, failing to recognize that the transformation of the form of labor is fundamentally premised on capitalist private property. These theoretical shortcomings are closely tied to the inherent biases and limitations of his approach. A renewed understanding of real abstraction grounded in Marx’s historical materialism—rather than in external interpretive frameworks—enables the critique of political economy to advance through the dialectical unity of the abstract and the concrete, thereby revitalizing its explanatory and critical power in revealing the essence of capitalist society.