Abstract: Italian autonomism and left-wing accelerationism have offered a one-sided interpretation of Marx’s “Fragment on Machines,” exaggerating the role of science and technology. This has led Italian autonomism to emphasize the realization of class struggle solely through the subjectivity of labor, while left-wing accelerationism posits that the accelerated development of technology can break through the capitalist social system. In the “Fragment on Machines,” while Marx emphasized that science and technology promote the development of productive forces, he also pointed out that under capitalism, technology stifles human development and generates a large surplus population. In particular, machines subvert the worker’s subjectivity and appropriate the value they create. Both general intellect and the machine system manifest as attributes of fixed capital, producing relative surplus value on the basis of increased efficiency. A correct understanding of the theoretical significance of the “Fragment on Machines” aids in comprehensively grasping Marx’s theories on value formation and the production of surplus value, offering valuable insights for the development of China’s socialist market economy.