Abstract: This paper carried out the study on mineral resources' profit distribution between government and enterprises in China. It is found that resource companies gain excess profit on one hand and suffer heavy tax burden on the other hand. This situation is caused by the flaws of current resource tax and fee institution which include obscure and unreasonable function orientation, unscientific tax assessment and misallocation of mineral resources' profit. To regulate mineral resources' profit distribution the emphasis is put on the resources tax reformation. Reviewing the existing literatures, they are mainly dominated by normative research. There are less empirical studies especially on global optimization and result prediction. Besides, an agreement on the theoretical basis of mineral resources tax and fee system is not reached. Therefore, the future research direction is put forward: constructing a theoretical framework of mineral resources tax and fee system, confirming the property and calculating the number of resource companies' profit, studying comparatively different taxes and fees calculation methods and optimizing the structure and rates of mineral resources taxes and fees.