Abstract: Household energy consumption in rural areas is deeply related to health, poverty and indoor air pollution. However, there are still insufficient in-depth empirical studies on rural households. Adopting the data from the micro investigation of “Household Energy Consumption and Welfare in Rural China” and the multi-stratified cluster sampling approach, this paper studies the relationship among household energy consumption, health risks of the elderly and “Poverty Trap” based on the status quo of rural China. The paper found that there is a significantly positive correlation between the elderly’s use of Combination of Clean Household Energy and Self-rated Health (hereinafter referred to as SRH), while a significantly negative correlation between their use of Combination of “Clean + Solid” Household Energy and SRH. Different types of Combinations of Household Energy are significantly negative to the elderly’s chronic respiratory diseases. The paper reflected that clean fuels can improve the elderly’s subjective health, while solid fuels harm their subjective health and cause damages to or deteriorate their objective health. The paper revealed that the rural elderly may fall into the vicious cycle of “Poverty Trap” where they select solid fuels due to energy shortage or financial difficulties, get sick, become poor or return to poverty, and continue to use solid fuels. Therefore, in the implementation of China’s Rural Revitalization Strategy, in order to achieve the long-term goal of poverty alleviation, it is urgent for the government and rural households to comprehensively implement the collaborative innovation of energy transformation, healthy rural construction and targeted poverty alleviation.