Abstract: After serious emergencies occur, the demand for emergency relief materials will increase. When the stock of emergency relief materials cannot meet the needs of the disaster-stricken area, emergency production should be used to increase emergency supplies. Based on emergency supply chain and the basic knowledge that national economy mobilization could achieve the unconventional supply of resources in emergent situations, the article researched the basic theory on the building and optimization of emergency relief materials mobilization chain(ERMMC). The research found that ERMMC was the emergency supply chain constructed by using national economy mobilization mechanism, to guarantee the extraordinary supply of emergency relief materials and guarantee that emergency relief materials production tasks are successfully completed. ERMMC has the characteristics of demand uncertainty, supernormal supply capacity, dynamic system structure, a certain degree of stability, governmental dominance, high degree of cooperativity, synchronization and time orientation. It consists of a management chain and a supply chain, among which the former includes decision-making agents, executive agents and coordinating agents, and the latter includes supply agents. In the process of its operation, it may change dynamically with the variation of emergency relief material requirements, the implementation of participants' tasks and the evolution of the disaster, and the change may appear in the form of the dynamic changes of nodes, paths and agents in ERMMC. Based on the basic theory above, this article eventually formed an ERMMC construction and optimization process by combining a management chain and a supply chain.