Abstract: To solve the problem of cumulative environmental degradation, all individuals and organizations need to change their behavior modes, and work together to achieve the effective provision of environmental public goods. Based on individual heterogeneity, the paper selected the most important dimensions of heterogeneity-preference and cost heterogeneity-to analyze the equilibrium conditions for individuals to provide environmental public goods effectively in one-dimensional and multi-dimensional scenarios, as well as the implementation efficiency of government environmental policy instruments. The results of the study show that when there is only individual preference heterogeneity, potentially large groups cannot achieve effective provision of environmental public goods. By establishing emission limits and technical standards that enterprises must comply with, the mandatory control method can improve the provision efficiency of public goods. However, when there are individual preferences and cost heterogeneity at the same time, the market-oriented method can play a fundamental role in the effective allocation of resources. By avoiding the difficulties of inspection and implementation of mandatory standard as well as the uncertainty of policy execution, the market-oriented method can provide a higher-level environmental public goods than the mandatory control method. Combined with the research conclusions, the paper puts forward some policy suggestions, such as making public environmental information, increasing the enforcement of environmental laws and regulation standards, making clear of the main responsible subjects for environmental governance, and mobilizing public enthusiasm through interest levers.