Abstract: Based on the goal of low-carbon economy transition, new implications of industrial structure optimization are put forward to make up original theory's limitation, in order to realize the benefit of the economic and biologic. According to the new implications, a new assessment indicator system is set up, which contains indexes of industrial structure rationality, industrial structure upgrading and industrial structure ecologicalization. Then based on the date of China's 30 provinces from 2001—2011, and by choosing the PCA model, the level of China's industrial structure optimization from 2001—2011 and the level of different provinces in 2011 are estimated. The result shows: (1)The earlier years of “11th Five-Year” had a better level of industrial structure optimization than the“10th Five-Year”. Because of the financial crisis, the level declines from the year of 2008, the speed of decline was slowing down.(2)From the perspective of region, the level of industrial structure optimization gradually declined from east to west.(3)the level of industrial structure optimization would directly influence the level of economic development, but some provinces, like Shanxi、Sichuan showed unbalance between industrial structure optimization and economic development.(4)Industrial structure rationality, upgrading and ecologicalization presented significant differences in different provinces. Based on the above view, governments at all levels should coordinate industrial structure rationality, upgrading and ecologicalization effectively to ultimately improve industrial structure optimization and sustainable economic development.